《看客》第301期：温州“矾都”的没落

2015-11-15 23:47

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标签：温州明矾矽肺

矾山镇的明矾矿石储量占世界60%强、中国70%强，曾经辉煌一时。然而随着经济的迅猛发展，明矾被许多新材料替代，加之矾矿提炼利用率低，资源浪费严重，现在的矾山镇正面临资源短缺、企业老化、高污染、高能耗、低效能、连年亏损的窘境。

《看客》第301期：温州“矾都”的没落

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《看客》第302期：灰色象牙

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                "prevue": "矾山镇的明矾矿石储量占世界60%强、中国70%强，曾经辉煌一时。然而随着经济的迅猛发展，明矾被许多新材料替代，加之矾矿提炼利用率低，资源浪费严重，现在的矾山镇正面临资源短缺、企业老化、高污染、高能耗、低效能、连年亏损的窘境。",
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                   "note": "温州市苍南县矾山镇位于浙南东海之滨，这里因明矾石矿储量占世界60%以上、中国70%以上，而被称为“世界矾都”。",
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                   "note": "矾矿矿脉分布在相邻的五座山里。建国初期国家开放一个鸡笼山矿区供开采，封闭其余几个。如今，鸡笼山开采区的资源已近枯竭，可供开采的储量不多，几乎整个山体已经采空。上山采矿山路很窄，只容一辆小拖拉机行驶。",
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                   "note": "明矾又名白矾，是明矾石的提炼品。在化工行业明矾有两种，一种是钾明矾，一种叫钠明矾。而我们通常说的明矾就是钾明矾。工人在矿洞内采到矿石后，打碎，用水溶解，收集溶液，蒸发浓缩，放冷后即析出结晶。现在矾矿采用了“湿式打眼”工艺，比“干式打眼”工艺降低94%-98%的粉尘量，减少了矽肺发生。",
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                   "note": "石头采集运出后，工人们用水将其打湿便于挑选有用矿石。",
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                   "note": "工人们将挑选出的矿石砸成小块后进炉锻烧。",
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                   "note": "工人们在两个煅烧炉间来回跑动，用铁耙将煅烧石装入车内，拉走。",
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                   "note": "煅烧完的矿石被耙入风化池，萃取蒸发之后，工人在结晶池开始抡锤打挖明矾，打一个池约三个多小时，报酬50元。",
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                {
                   "id": "9HV1MNVQ3R710001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV1MNVQ3R710001.jpg",
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                   "note": "而未被风化的矿石，工人则在风化池内继续锤打。身边黄色的池水具有强腐蚀性。",
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                {
                   "id": "9HV1MUSH3R710001",
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                   "note": "尽管明矾有很强的腐蚀性，但由于劳动强度大，很多人都轻装上阵。",
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                   "note": "在结晶池内打挖好的明矾由板车拉到仓库。",
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                ,
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                   "id": "9HV1MJNR3R710001",
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                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "当明矾达到一定数量之后，集中装袋，销往世界各地。",
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                ,
                {
                   "id": "9HV1MPI63R710001",
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                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "工作从凌晨两点开始，打挖，装袋完毕之后，才能够稍事休息。",
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                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "9HV1MMVM3R710001",
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                   "title": "",
                   "note": "装车现场，不断腾起的粉尘让人睁不开眼。",
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                }
            
                ,
                {
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                   "note": "矾浆具有强腐蚀性，工人上工都得带上手套。",
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                ,
                {
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                   "title": "",
                   "note": "矾矿采集作业方式非常原始，煅烧、风化、结晶等一些生产流程甚至还保留着类似《天工开物》所记载的模式。",
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                ,
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                   "title": "",
                   "note": "长期传承下来的粗放式开采，基本都是以人力手工为主，包括压矾水的布，也是工人自己清洗。",
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                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "9HV1MPUR3R710001",
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                   "note": "下班后，工人在冲洗工作间内的矾浆、矾石。厂区的水泥路面长期遭酸性腐蚀，基本都裸露出石子结构。",
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                ,
                {
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                   "note": "尽管现在的工艺是湿式开采，进场前先用水喷湿，粉尘大大减少，发生矽肺的概率变小。但口罩仍然是工作中必不可少的物件。",
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                ,
                {
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                   "title": "",
                   "note": "提取完明矾之后的矿渣污染严重，利用率低，有很小的一部分被溶解。图为工人在翻浆溶解矿渣。",
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                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "9HV1MNIU3R710001",
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                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "一部分被拉回矿洞回填。",
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                }
            
                ,
                {
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                   "note": "另一部分，就从山上倾倒下去。长年累月，被矿渣覆盖的山体几乎寸草不生。",
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                }
            
                ,
                {
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                   "title": "",
                   "note": "运矿渣回填矿洞的拖拉机从被矿渣腐蚀后的山体边驶过。",
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                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "9HV1MS0D3R710001",
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                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "矾山的炼矾业曾经给当地居民带来福扯，但也给当地环境带来了严重的污染问题。除了矿渣之外，由于长年清理矾砂，矾山溪水颜色“碧绿”。当地居民不少因为水体污染严重而远离家乡。",
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                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "从1998年下半年开始，当地政府对小矾厂和炼矾点采取了包括强制爆破在内的集中拆除行动，拆除小矾窑、熔化炉以及厂房一百多座，填埋结晶池和清理风化池六万多立方米。整治后，刺鼻的矾烟被大管道抽送上山，排进废弃的矿井内。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "9HV1MP023R710001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV1MP023R710001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV1MP023R710001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV1MP023R710001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV1MP023R710001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "取矾之后的矾浆含有硫酸铝，本是制水泥的好原料，但由于高成本运费，让不少客商望而却步。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "9HV1MQFC3R710001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV1MQFC3R710001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV1MQFC3R710001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV1MQFC3R710001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV1MQFC3R710001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "经过600多年的开采，矾矿山体内已形成无数洞体，采空面积达55.8万平方米，体积259万立方米。而600年矾渣、矾水冲刷，也使矾山溪床被染成黄色。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "9HV1MK3C3R710001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV1MK3C3R710001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV1MK3C3R710001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV1MK3C3R710001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV1MK3C3R710001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "2011年鸡笼山开采区在册工人2676人，在岗1098人，平均年龄47.5岁，离退休人员2472，抚恤人员1098人。然而直到现在还有四五百名矽肺病人，其中70多名重症者长期住在矾矿医院无法回家。图中老人为张纯福，70岁，12岁开始挑石，56岁退休，患有矽肺病，每天与药为伴。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "9HV1MUBH3R710001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV1MUBH3R710001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV1MUBH3R710001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV1MUBH3R710001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV1MUBH3R710001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "王庆福，78岁，15岁进山当矿工，三年前因矽肺病情转重住进矾山医院至今，每天靠吸氧度日。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "9HV1N3BG3R710001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV1N3BG3R710001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV1N3BG3R710001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV1N3BG3R710001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV1N3BG3R710001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "林颜松（右）81岁，17岁进山当矿工，29岁时左手被雷管炸伤；10年前，因矽肺病情转重住进矾山医院至今，现每天靠吸氧度日。张笃营（左）81岁，1974年39岁时因矽肺退休，8年前因病情转重住进矾山医院，现每天靠吸氧度日。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "9HV9DEVQ3R710001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV9DEVQ3R710001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV9DEVQ3R710001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV9DEVQ3R710001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2014-01-07/9HV9DEVQ3R710001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": "",
                   "note": "更多网易《看客》，敬请点击查看>>>",
                   "newsurl": "http://news.163.com/insight"
                }
            
            ]
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