《看客》第50期：萨达姆，“强国”覆灭

2015-11-14 16:02

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《看客》第50期：萨达姆，“强国”覆灭

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《看客》第51期：春运灰色记忆

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                   "note": "萨达姆·侯赛因，用暴力和血腥打造伊拉克的“中东霸主”。独裁治国，毒气灭族，肆意侵略，让伊拉克走上了穷兵黩武的不归路。一场海湾战争，120万大军一败涂地，这位中东枭雄的“强国梦“彻底破灭。编辑/关志宁、王贺",
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                   "note": "卫星照片中的伊拉克（国境内经过提亮处理）。伊拉克位于中东的中心地带，曾是历史上的四大文明之一——两河文明的发源地。中东拥有世界2/3的石油，伊拉克的石油储量仅次于沙特，位居世界第二。1979年7月，时任副总统的萨达姆迫使其叔父、当时的伊拉克总统贝克尔宣布病退而上台。",
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                   "note": "两名伊拉克妇女扛着饮用水走过沙漠，远处是生产中的炼油厂，石油为伊拉克带来95%的财政收入。1979年，伊拉克日均原油产量达到400万桶，这个数字直到今天再也没有被超越。",
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                   "note": "1987年，伊拉克首都巴格达街头拍摄到的一张宣传壁画。画中萨达姆手持步枪，将战火指向敌人，身后则是受到他保护的妇孺。有2200万人的伊拉克挂着4400万张萨达姆画像，法定1/10建筑用砖须刻其名字。",
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                   "note": "萨达姆的老家提克里特，伊拉克军人正在参加一场阅兵。这场阅兵是为了萨达姆的56岁生日而举办的。",
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                   "note": "萨达姆1981年1月11日拍摄的一张照片，画面中他身着军装操作RPG火箭筒。这名伊拉克独裁者多数时候以戎装形象示人，以显示其强硬作风。",
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                   "note": "1988年10月23日，在巴格达召开的一次阿拉伯国家会议上，萨达姆以东道主的身份接待埃及总统穆巴拉克和巴解组织领导人阿拉法特。80年代，随着埃及和以色列关系缓和，萨达姆将表现对巴解的支持姿态视为争夺阿拉伯世界话语权的重要手段。",
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                   "note": "1981年，萨达姆和伊拉克军队领导人视察两伊战争前线的伊拉克防空设施。1980年9月22日，萨达姆的军队入侵伊朗，以“替整个阿拉伯世界抵御波斯人”的名义开始了军事霸权道路的第一步。",
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                   "note": "1980年10月，伊朗霍拉姆沙赫尔，伊拉克陆军装甲部队正在一条高速公路的路堤下集结，准备参加对伊朗的进攻行动。",
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                   "note": "两伊战争期间，一处刚刚结束战斗的阵地上，两名士兵的尸体仍留在他们的散兵坑里。萨达姆希望借伊朗伊斯兰革命后的国内混乱期一举击败伊朗，但伊朗人的反应速度之快是他始料未及的，两军随即陷入了漫长的拉锯战。",
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                   "note": "在萨达姆对库尔德族人的镇压行动中被毒气杀死的库尔德儿童。1988年3月16日，伊拉克东北部的哈莱卜杰村，伊拉克军队在当天清晨向村内的库尔德人投掷了芥子气炸弹，杀死了5000余平民，伤10000余人。",
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                   "note": "1988年8月20日，两伊战争正式结束。据外界估计，伊拉克的损失要大于伊朗。但对内，两伊战争被伊拉克宣传为一次胜利，图为停战日，提克里特居民手举萨达姆画像上街庆祝。",
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                   "note": "1988年9月，伊拉克一所学校组织儿童参观两伊战争中被俘获的伊朗坦克。两伊战争造成的死亡人数约100万，双方边界没有发生重大变化。战争中，伊拉克军队人数从24万上升至120万，军力号称世界第四。",
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                   "note": "1990年8月2日，10万伊拉克军队入侵科威特，一天内占领其全境。两伊战争使伊拉克欠下了800亿美元的外债，仅欠科威特的数额即达140亿。萨达姆以主权和石油资源分配问题为借口向曾经支援自己的“阿拉伯兄弟”下手。",
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                   "note": "1991年1月11日，萨达姆视察科威特占领军，为士兵煮汤。针对联合国要求伊拉克从科威特撤军的通牒，萨达姆试图将自己包装成抵抗美国的阿拉伯英雄，号召穆斯林联合抗美，并对沙特发出动武威胁。",
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                   "note": "1990年10月，巴格达城一场军人游行，士兵高举萨达姆画像以示支持。在萨达姆授意下，伊拉克国内通过大肆举行反美游行对外显示实力，试图使国际社会在武力威慑面前承认其对科威特的占领。",
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                   "note": "1990年，巴格达一场反美游行中，一群幼儿被组织上街，手举“我们爱萨达姆·侯赛因”的标语牌。",
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                   "note": "1990年8月23日，伊拉克对外播放了一则新闻，萨达姆带着5岁的英国儿童斯图尔特·洛克伍德出现在电视上。萨达姆以此向西方暗示：自己手中握有人质。战争期间，许多被扣西方人被送到伊拉克和科威特重要设施充当“人盾”。",
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                   "note": "1991年1月12日，要求伊拉克的最后通牒到期当日，美国总统布什召开国会会议，会上国会授权美国军队将伊拉克逐出科威特境内。",
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                   "note": "1991年1月15日，美国海军“美国”号航空母舰穿过苏伊士运河前往波斯湾，准备参加武力解放科威特的军事行动。自伊军入侵科威特以6个月来，美军的“沙漠盾牌”行动已经向海湾地区部署了超过50万军队。",
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                   "id": "6QIE56263R710001",
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                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE56263R710001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE56263R710001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE56263R710001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": " ",
                   "note": "海湾战争期间，集结在沙漠中的英国陆军第一装甲师部队。总共有34个国家授权其军队参加这场针对伊拉克的战争。其中包括巴林、阿曼、卡塔尔、沙特阿拉伯、叙利亚、阿拉伯联合酋长国这些伊斯兰国家都站在了萨达姆的对立面。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "6QIE583C3R710001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE583C3R710001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE583C3R710001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE583C3R710001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE583C3R710001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": " ",
                   "note": "“沙漠盾牌”行动期间，一名穿戴防化装备的叙利亚士兵在散兵坑内警戒。由于担忧萨达姆可能在战争中再次使用大规模杀伤性武器，参加对伊拉克军事行动的多国部队和海湾周边居民普遍配发了防毒面具。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "6QIE5AG13R710001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5AG13R710001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5AG13R710001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5AG13R710001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5AG13R710001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": " ",
                   "note": "1991年1月17日，以解放科威特为目的的“沙漠风暴”行动正式打响。在头38天的空袭中，多国部队空中力量将伊军的抵抗能力彻底摧毁。地面战开始后，丧失战意的伊拉克军人成批地向联军部队投降。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "6QIE5CFV3R710001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5CFV3R710001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5CFV3R710001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5CFV3R710001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5CFV3R710001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": " ",
                   "note": "1991年2月26日，驻扎科威特的伊拉克军队试图沿80号公路撤回伊拉克境内。他们遭到了以美军为主的空中力量阻击，约2000辆伊方车辆被摧毁，残骸绵延36公里，该路段因此被称为“死亡公路”。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "6QIE5EJK3R710001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5EJK3R710001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5EJK3R710001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5EJK3R710001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5EJK3R710001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": " ",
                   "note": "“死亡公路”上，一辆被摧毁的伊军坦克上遗留的一名被烧焦的伊军坦克手尸体。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "6QIE5GGR3R710001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5GGR3R710001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5GGR3R710001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5GGR3R710001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5GGR3R710001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": " ",
                   "note": "1991年2月，萨达姆命令伊军撤离科威特前点燃了1100多口科威特油井，并向海中倾泄原油。军队忠实地执行了这项任务，这一命令导致了人类历史上最严重的环境污染事件——由石油引发的大火直到当年11月才被完全扑灭。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "6QIE5KQ13R710001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5KQ13R710001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5KQ13R710001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5KQ13R710001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5KQ13R710001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": " ",
                   "note": "海湾战争期间，巴格达街头，空袭过后，一名伊拉克妇女走上街头，从街头的垃圾中捡回还可以吃的部分。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "6QIE5MN83R710001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5MN83R710001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5MN83R710001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5MN83R710001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5MN83R710001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": " ",
                   "note": "1991年1月22日，沙特阿拉伯首都利雅得，头戴防毒面具的美军士兵正在检查一枚坠落的伊拉克“飞毛腿”导弹残骸。萨达姆向沙特的美军基地和以色列发射“飞毛腿”导弹，试图将以色列拉入战局，将解放科威特的战争变成中东国家的混战。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "6QIE5ORU3R710001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5ORU3R710001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5ORU3R710001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5ORU3R710001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5ORU3R710001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": " ",
                   "note": "1991年1月22日，以色列特拉维夫，士兵们从“飞毛腿”爆炸造成的废墟中救出一名受伤的犹太妇女。虽然遭受巨大损失，但以色列仍在美国要求下保持了克制，令萨达姆的计划落空。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "6QIE5QU03R710001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5QU03R710001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5QU03R710001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5QU03R710001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5QU03R710001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": " ",
                   "note": "“沙漠风暴”行动后期，美国空军F-15与F-16组成的混合编队飞越科威特的上空。伊拉克拥有120万刚刚经历过两伊战争的军队，面对美军，如此迅速的惨败结果出乎全世界的意料，也意味着萨达姆称霸中东梦想的彻底终结。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "6QIE5SRR3R710001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5SRR3R710001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5SRR3R710001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5SRR3R710001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5SRR3R710001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": " ",
                   "note": "在“沙漠风暴”行动中，被多国部队摧毁的一处伊拉克炼油设施。海湾战争使伊拉克的石油经济再次遭受严重打击，随后的武器禁运和经济制裁使伊拉克军队再也未能恢复元气，整个国家只能依靠“石油换食品”获得最低限度的物资。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "6QIE5V3V3R710001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5V3V3R710001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5V3V3R710001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5V3V3R710001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE5V3V3R710001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": " ",
                   "note": "1991年3月26日，伊拉克杜胡克，两名库尔德族民兵站在一处被砸毁的萨达姆画像旁。海湾战争前，萨达姆政权曾经对国内有独立倾向的库尔德人进行强力镇压。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "6QIE61BE3R710001",
                   "img": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE61BE3R710001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE61BE3R710001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE61BE3R710001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img3.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIE61BE3R710001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": " ",
                   "note": "2003年4月9日，美国军队进入巴格达，终结了萨达姆政权。当地民众用鞋子抽打被美军坦克拉倒的萨达姆雕像——这是阿拉伯人对敌人最大的羞辱。2006年12月30日，萨达姆经审判被执行绞刑，留下的只有那个从未建成的现代巴比伦王国的废墟。",
                   "newsurl": "#"
                }
            
                ,
                {
                   "id": "6QIIOUG53R710001",
                   "img": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIIOUG53R710001.jpg",
                   "timg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIIOUG53R710001.jpg",
                   "simg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIIOUG53R710001.jpg",
                   "oimg": "http://img4.cache.netease.com/photo/0001/2011-01-17/6QIIOUG53R710001.jpg",
                   "osize": {},
                   "title": " ",
                   "note": "“真强国与伪强国的较量”——海湾战争20周年启示录特刊。查看专题请点击>>>",
                   "newsurl": "http://war.news.163.com/special/gulfwar/"
                }
            
            ]
        }

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